Education System in Pakistan

Q:Critically examine the current education system of Pakistan?

Ans:Unfortunately,Pakisatn has not been able to make much progress in the field of Education during the last fifty years.At present (2001)its literacy rate is 30 percent  as compared to china's 82 per cent.India's  52 per cent,Iran's 72 per cent,Iraq's 58 per cent,Sri lanka's 90 percent,Turkey's 82per cent,Malaysia's 84 per cent,and Kazkhstan's 98percent.This poor literacy rate is due to low percentage of budget spending on the  education and the tremendous  rate  of population explosion since 1947.It would be interesting to note that currently Pakistanis spending only 2.7 per cent of its budget on the education sector.This ratio is far less than the 4 per cent of GNP suggested by the UNESCO for the developing nations.The developed countries arespending from 6 to 10 per cent of their GNP on the education sector.The population explosion  is anther factor leading to low rate of literacy.The Population of areas comprising Pakistan was 16.57 million in 1998.According to these figures the population of Pakistan doubled in the fifty-year period from 1901 to 1951 but after that in the next 50 years from 1951 to 1998 this population quadrupled. 

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Downfall of Muslim State in the 18th century

Q: Analyse the causes of  the downfall of Muslim state in the 18th century?

Ans:Regular Muslim empire in the Sub-continent was established by Qutub-ud-Din Aibak in 1206 AD.This rule ushered in the sultanate period which lasted till 1526 when sultan lbrahim lodhi was defeated by Zaheeruddin Babar in the first battle of Panipat.Thus Babur laid the foundation of the great Mughal dynasty which entrenched the Muslims firmly in the Sub-continent.During the period extending form 1206  to 1707,the muslim saints and the warriors not only strengthened the muslim rule but also propagated Islam throughout the country.consequently  millions of Hindus Buddhists and Janis embraced islam and the number of muslims multiplied rapidly.Out of the first sixMughal emperors,Akbar,Shah Jehan and Aurangzeb were great Emperors,generals and rules.During their reigns the Muslim kingdom extended form Bengal to Kabul and no other race could challenge the Mughal authority.Aurangzeb Alamgir (1658 to 1707) was the last great mughal emperor who enjoyed complete control over his empire.Through his unrivalled generalship and staesmanship he succeeded in keeping in check the rise of sikhs in punjab Rajputs in Rajputana and the Marathas in the Maharashtra.however the death of Aurangzeb in 1707A.D proved to be the turning point in the history of muslim rule in India.The incompetent succesoors of Aurangzeb could not hold the empire together and the decline of Mughals which started in the first quarter of the 18th century not only resulted in the advent of the british but also the rise end growth of the sikhs and the Marathas as great porwers.
   The causes of the downfall of the Muslim state in the 18th century can be summed up as under.

(1)  Weak Successors of Aurangzeb.
(2)  Vastness of Mughal Empire.
(3)  Absence of a Definite Law of Succession.
(4)  Deterioration of Mughal Army.
(5)  Deterioration of Morality of Mughal Kings.
(6)  Corruption of Mughal Nobility.
(7)  Invasions of Nadir Shah and Ahmed Shah Abdali.
(8)  Aurangzeb's Wrong Policy in Deccan.
(9)  Rise of Sikhs in Punjab.
(10) Rise of Marathas.
(11) Rise of Hindus of Rajputana.
(12) Advent of European.
(13)  Role of Nizam of Hyderabad.
(14)  Backwardness in Science and Technology.
(15)  Absence of Navaj Power.

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