Scientific abbreviations stand for???

(A) STP: Standard Temperature Pressure

(B) ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate

(C) PNP: Proton Neutron Proton

(D) LAN: Local Area Network

(E) KWH: Kilo Watt Hour

(F) BTU: British Thermal Unit

(G) LDL: Low-Density Lipoprotein

(H) ROM: Read only memory

(I)  MAF: Million Acre Feet

(J) SONAR: Sound Navigation and Ranging

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What are the various sources of energy?

ANS:Forms of Energy:


(1)COAL:
            Coal is one of the major forms of energy.it is formed when buried plants and animals under pressure change into fossil fuel.Coal is used for the production of about 30% of world's power and energy.









(2)Petroleum:
             Petroleum is found underground in large quantities deposited in rocks.it is crude oil and a fossil guel formed by decay of dead and living organisms.Big deposite of petroleum are found in USA,Russia,Gulf States and Venezuela.
         





(3)Natural Gas:
                 Natural gase is another form of energy .Methane (60-80%) and Ethane(5-9%)are major components of natural gas.It is a cheap source of energy.
         





(4)Hydroelectric Power:
                        River water stored in lakes is used as a source of hydroelectric power.Falling water rotates turbines which generate electricity.






(5)Nuclear Energy:
              Nuclear power is used for generation of electricity.Nuclear energy is generated through nuclear reactors.In Pakistan this form of electricity is produced by Karachi Nuclear Power Plant(KANUPP) and Chashma Plant.




(6)Solar Energy:
                      Solar energy is that energy which is obtained from the sunlight.When sunlight strikes certain heavy metals like selenium electrons move and produce electricity.








(7)Wind Energy:
                Energy is also obtained from the wing by using wind mills.The Wind rotates generators which produce electricity.

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What is Pesticides

Pesticides:Pesticides are posionous substances,which are used to kill or control the animal or plant pests,Pesticides are also harmful form human beings and useful animals pesticides are usually classified
according to their target pests.For example,insecticides are chemicals which are use to kill insects,Herbicides,Fungicides,miticides are few pesticides ,DDT chlordane malathion etc are insecticides.

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Differentiate clearly between Cyclone,Hurricane and Tornado

Hurricanes: are also called tropical cyclones or typhoons.These are intense circular low pressure system that develop between latitides 5 and 25 North and South over seas whose surface temperature is higher than 28C.Around a central core of extremely low pressure the moist are spins and rises swifly to form spiralling velt of clouds which resembles a whirlpool.The storm is maintained by the vast amount of energy released by rapid condensation of rising air.Hurricanes can be recognized at radar screens and satellite pictures.Circular  or rotatory system of winds or storm is known as  cyclone.west Indian cyclone,a vioent strom of wind over 80 miles (130km) per hour is known as Hurricane.Tornado is whirlwind that is up to 2.4 Kilomertres across.They are common in American Midwest where warm moist air from the Gulf of Mexico travel up to 200 miles (322km)per hour.

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Education System in Pakistan

Q:Critically examine the current education system of Pakistan?

Ans:Unfortunately,Pakisatn has not been able to make much progress in the field of Education during the last fifty years.At present (2001)its literacy rate is 30 percent  as compared to china's 82 per cent.India's  52 per cent,Iran's 72 per cent,Iraq's 58 per cent,Sri lanka's 90 percent,Turkey's 82per cent,Malaysia's 84 per cent,and Kazkhstan's 98percent.This poor literacy rate is due to low percentage of budget spending on the  education and the tremendous  rate  of population explosion since 1947.It would be interesting to note that currently Pakistanis spending only 2.7 per cent of its budget on the education sector.This ratio is far less than the 4 per cent of GNP suggested by the UNESCO for the developing nations.The developed countries arespending from 6 to 10 per cent of their GNP on the education sector.The population explosion  is anther factor leading to low rate of literacy.The Population of areas comprising Pakistan was 16.57 million in 1998.According to these figures the population of Pakistan doubled in the fifty-year period from 1901 to 1951 but after that in the next 50 years from 1951 to 1998 this population quadrupled. 

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Downfall of Muslim State in the 18th century

Q: Analyse the causes of  the downfall of Muslim state in the 18th century?

Ans:Regular Muslim empire in the Sub-continent was established by Qutub-ud-Din Aibak in 1206 AD.This rule ushered in the sultanate period which lasted till 1526 when sultan lbrahim lodhi was defeated by Zaheeruddin Babar in the first battle of Panipat.Thus Babur laid the foundation of the great Mughal dynasty which entrenched the Muslims firmly in the Sub-continent.During the period extending form 1206  to 1707,the muslim saints and the warriors not only strengthened the muslim rule but also propagated Islam throughout the country.consequently  millions of Hindus Buddhists and Janis embraced islam and the number of muslims multiplied rapidly.Out of the first sixMughal emperors,Akbar,Shah Jehan and Aurangzeb were great Emperors,generals and rules.During their reigns the Muslim kingdom extended form Bengal to Kabul and no other race could challenge the Mughal authority.Aurangzeb Alamgir (1658 to 1707) was the last great mughal emperor who enjoyed complete control over his empire.Through his unrivalled generalship and staesmanship he succeeded in keeping in check the rise of sikhs in punjab Rajputs in Rajputana and the Marathas in the Maharashtra.however the death of Aurangzeb in 1707A.D proved to be the turning point in the history of muslim rule in India.The incompetent succesoors of Aurangzeb could not hold the empire together and the decline of Mughals which started in the first quarter of the 18th century not only resulted in the advent of the british but also the rise end growth of the sikhs and the Marathas as great porwers.
   The causes of the downfall of the Muslim state in the 18th century can be summed up as under.

(1)  Weak Successors of Aurangzeb.
(2)  Vastness of Mughal Empire.
(3)  Absence of a Definite Law of Succession.
(4)  Deterioration of Mughal Army.
(5)  Deterioration of Morality of Mughal Kings.
(6)  Corruption of Mughal Nobility.
(7)  Invasions of Nadir Shah and Ahmed Shah Abdali.
(8)  Aurangzeb's Wrong Policy in Deccan.
(9)  Rise of Sikhs in Punjab.
(10) Rise of Marathas.
(11) Rise of Hindus of Rajputana.
(12) Advent of European.
(13)  Role of Nizam of Hyderabad.
(14)  Backwardness in Science and Technology.
(15)  Absence of Navaj Power.

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Politics of WTO and Globalization

Q:Discuss the politics of World Trade Organization and Globalization ?


Ans: World Trade Organization and Globalization are the modern manifestation of Colonialism because both of them aim at exploiting the national resources and the manpower of developing countries.Firstly in 1995 USA masterminded the establishment of WTO although there was no need of it in the presence of GATT,US was the main lobbyist behind WTO after Uruguay Round of 1995-94.Subsequently US pressure brought Agriculture into GATT-WTO system in 1995 and then brought services under its coverage.The mechanization of WTO is in fact,an instrument which aims at globalization of free trade and deregulation.The need and utility of WTO and globalization is seriously questioned by the criteics in the light of statistics.They argue that frin 1948  to 1995 without WTO the world trade expanded 87-fold from $124 billion to $ 10,722 billion.This increase was recorded under the GATTarrangement only.The founding of WTO in 1995 was neither in response to any economic crisis such as that was recorded in 1930s nor it was needed to achieve world peace.In fact,US wanted a more effective framework than GATT to control the economies of countries around the globe.Thus US succeeded in establishing WTO and achieve its objectives.

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Impact of Information Technology on Pakistan

Q:Assess the growing inpact of information technology on Pakistan's sociol  ecnomic and education complexin?

Ans:Information Technology is one of those several scientific gifts conferrred by the 20th century on mankind.In the later half of the previous century invention of computer revolutionized the functioning of sector of commerce,Education,Health,Agriculture and Industry.Computer's ability to store and reproduce data helped in the documentation of necessary information.Subsequently,the introduction of interanl in this field further widened the scope of development in all social and economic fields.

              The developed countries have taken full advantage of the new opportunities offered by Information Technology.like many developing nations developing nations Pakistan has also seized this opportunity with both hands and has successfully introduced this technology to bring rapid progress in the socio-economic and educational fields.Hundreds of institutions have been opened in both private and public sectors which are equipping the survey of Pakistan,currently there are about 1.3 million internet users.countless cyber cafea are functioning in large and small towns where the people from all walks of life are benefiting from the facility of greater access to information.
                                Information Technology has opened a new window of opportunity for employment for the new generation at home and abroad.There is a great demand for IT specialists in European Countries.

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Exploring the Universe with Telescope

Q:1 Describe in precise statements various instruments which are being used in exploring the universe?

ANS:The universe can be explored by astronomical Instrument called telescope and by space probes sent from earth to other planets.When using telescopes visible part of the spectrum (where our eyes can see)but at the whole range of electromagnetic radiation.We thus have radio telescope infrared telescopes,X-ray telescops and even some telescopes that are burried deep underground looking for neutrions. 

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Contributions of Muslims Scientists in field of biological science

Muslims Scientists

The Muslim scientists made considerable progress in biology especially in botany and developed horticulture to a high degree of perfection.They paid greater attention to botany in comparison to zoology.Botany reached its zenith in spain.In zoology the study of the horse was developed almost to the tank of a science.Abu Ubaidah(728-825 A.D).Who wrote more than 100 books.devoted more than fifty books to the study of the horse.

Al-Jahiz :who flourished in Basra is reputed to be one of the greatest zoologists the Muslim world has produced.His influence in the subject may be traced to the Persian 'Al-Qazwini 'and the Egyptian  'AL-Damiri'.His book 'Ratab al Haywan'(book ori animals)contains germs of later theories of evolution ,adapation and animal psychology.

Al-Damiri:- who died in 1405 in Cairo and who was influenced by Al-Jahiz is the greatest Arab Zoologist .his book Hayat Haywarz (life of animal)is the most important Muslim work in zoology.It is an encyclopaedia on animal life containing a mine of  information on the subject .it cotains the history of animals and preceded butffon by 700 years.

Al-Masudi:-  has given the rudiments of the theory of evolution in his well known work-Meadows of gold.Another of his works Kitab al-Tanbih wal Ishraq advances his views on evolution namely from mineral to plant,from plant to animal and from animal to man.

Abu-Zakariya :-Yahya Ibn Muhammad Ibn-Al Awwan who flourished at the end of 12 century in Seville(Spain)was the author of the most Islamic treatise on agriculture during the mediaeval  times entiled Kitab al Filahah. 

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